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往復泵結構基本知識

瀏覽次數:135 次 更新時間:2020-06-10

往(wang)復(fu)泵由于結構與(yu)工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)特點必(bi)然(ran)產生流量和(he)壓力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)脈動,從而(er)降低了泵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吸人(ren)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)、縮短(duan)泵和(he)管(guan)路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用壽命,特別是在排(pai)出管(guan)路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)徑較小(xiao)、管(guan)路(lu)(lu)較長、系統中沒有(you)足夠大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)背壓時,可能(neng)(neng)因慣性(xing)水頭過大而(er)沖開(kai)泵閥造(zao)成實(shi)際流量大于理論流量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“過流量現象(xiang)”。因此,為了改善往(wang)復(fu)泵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)條件(jian),盡可能(neng)(neng)減少(shao)不穩定現象(xiang)對(dui)往(wang)復(fu)泵工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響,通(tong)常采(cai)用在泵上(shang)裝置(zhi)空氣室的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)辦法來減少(shao)流量和(he)壓力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)脈動。

空(kong)氣(qi)室(shi)應盡(jin)可(ke)能(neng)安裝(zhuang)在(zai)靠(kao)近(jin)泵的(de)進出口管路處或(huo)液力端(duan)上,裝(zhuang)在(zai)靠(kao)近(jin)進口的(de)稱吸(xi)人空(kong)氣(qi)室(shi),裝(zhuang)在(zai)出口的(de)稱為(wei)排出空(kong)氣(qi)室(shi)。

空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)室(shi)分為常壓式和預(yu)壓式兩種.常壓空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)室(shi)是在密(mi)閉容(rong)(rong)器(qi)中(zhong)充(chong)常壓空(kong)氣(qi)(qi),預(yu)壓空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)室(shi)是在密(mi)閉容(rong)(rong)器(qi)中(zhong)加一彈性元件(如橡(xiang)膠囊),其(qi)內充(chong)有(you)壓縮空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)。

①排出空氣室,空氣室內有一定體積的氣體,當往復泵的瞬時流量大于平均流量時,排出管路內的阻力增加,泵內壓力上升,空氣室內的氣體被壓縮,從而儲存了一部分液體,這就減少了在排出管路中的流量。同樣,當泵的瞬時流量小于平均流量時,管路內的阻力也相應減少,泵內壓力下降,這時空氣室內氣體就膨脹,把儲存的一部分液體排到管路中去,增加了管路中的流量,從而減少了管路中流量和壓力的脈動。因此,在整個工作過程中雖然活塞排出的高壓往復泵流(liu)量按正弦規律變(bian)化(hua),但是在(zai)空(kong)氣室(shi)的(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)下排出管(guan)路中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)流(liu)量仍較均(jun)勻。從(cong)上述(shu)分析可知,在(zai)工作(zuo)過程中(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)氣室(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)氣體的(de)(de)體積(ji)是變(bian)化(hua)的(de)(de),因此,壓力(li)也是變(bian)化(hua)的(de)(de),管(guan)路中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)流(liu)量不可能是絕對(dui)均(jun)勻,如果把排出空(kong)氣室(shi)做得足夠大(da),則空(kong)氣室(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)氣體體積(ji)的(de)(de)變(bian)化(hua)就相對(dui)減(jian)少,可使流(liu)量脈動或壓力(li)脈動降低到(dao)允許的(de)(de)范(fan)圍以(yi)內。

最早采用(yong)的(de)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)室(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)立式厚壁圓筒,在(zai)(zai)(zai)工(gong)作(zuo)前容器中(zhong)充以常壓空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi),在(zai)(zai)(zai)泵工(gong)作(zuo)時,空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)室(shi)(shi)(shi)內(nei)液(ye)(ye)面隨液(ye)(ye)缸體(ti)(ti)(ti)內(nei)的(de)壓力變(bian)化而變(bian)化,這樣可以減(jian)少(shao)排出管路中(zhong)流量的(de)脈(mo)動(dong)。但是(shi)這種結(jie)構(gou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)積(ji)(ji)龐大(da),并且被(bei)壓縮了(le)的(de)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)容積(ji)(ji)過小(xiao),如在(zai)(zai)(zai)lOMPa時,壓縮空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)的(de)容積(ji)(ji)只(zhi)占空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)室(shi)(shi)(shi)容積(ji)(ji)的(de)1%。此外,由于液(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)(ti)與空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)室(shi)(shi)(shi)內(nei)的(de)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)直接相(xiang)接觸,氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)在(zai)(zai)(zai)高壓下易(yi)溶于液(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)(ti)中(zhong)|而被(bei)不斷(duan)帶(dai)出,在(zai)(zai)(zai)連續工(gong)作(zuo)時,空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)室(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)量會(hui)(hui)逐漸(jian)減(jian)少(shao),甚至會(hui)(hui)失去(qu)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)室(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)作(zuo)用(yong),為了(le)減(jian)小(xiao)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)室(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)體(ti)(ti)(ti)積(ji)(ji),提高其工(gong)作(zuo)效能(neng)和(he)可靠(kao)性,近年來(lai)普遍采用(yong)隔膜式預壓空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)室(shi)(shi)(shi)。

采用預壓(ya)空氣(qi)(qi)室(shi)后(hou),由于(yu)空氣(qi)(qi)室(shi)中充入一定壓(ya)力的(de)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti),從(cong)而就可以(yi)減少進出空氣(qi)(qi)室(shi)的(de)液(ye)體(ti)量,預壓(ya)空氣(qi)(qi)室(shi)中一般充空氣(qi)(qi),但(dan)對于(yu)易(yi)燃、易(yi)爆的(de)液(ye)體(ti)應充惰性氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)。因此,在同樣工作(zuo)條(tiao)件(jian)下可以(yi)減小空氣(qi)(qi)室(shi)的(de)容積(ji)、減輕(qing)重量。目(mu)前(qian)應用較多的(de)有兩種形式。

a.球形空氣(qi)室(shi),它由殼體(ti)1、穩(wen)定(ding)片2、氣(qi)囊3、頂蓋4、壓力(li)表5。

充(chong)氣閥(fa)6等主要零件組成。殼體下(xia)部(bu)與(yu)排(pai)出(chu)(chu)管路相連,上部(bu)通過充(chong)氣閥(fa)充(chong)氣,壓(ya)力(li)(li)表指(zhi)示氣囊中的(de)壓(ya)力(li)(li),工作時隨著排(pai)出(chu)(chu)壓(ya)力(li)(li)的(de)變化(hua),氣囊上下(xia)移動(dong)(dong),起到減小排(pai)出(chu)(chu)管路中流量脈(mo)動(dong)(dong)的(de)作用。

這種(zhong)空氣室的(de)(de)結(jie)構(gou)簡單、外形(xing)尺寸小、緩沖量較大、檢査和(he)更換方(fang)便,但由(you)于氣囊(nang)變形(xing),容易(yi)產(chan)生疲勞破壞,所(suo)以對其材料及制造(zao)工藝的(de)(de)要求(qiu)較高,這種(zhong)球形(xing)空氣室的(de)(de)結(jie)構(gou)在(zai)石(shi)油礦場(chang)得(de)到廣泛應用。

b.筒(tong)式(shi)預壓(ya)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)室(shi)(shi)由于球形空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)室(shi)(shi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)囊(nang)的材料容易因變(bian)形而產(chan)生(sheng)疲勞破壞,壽命較短,所以在石油(you)礦(kuang)場(chang)的鉆井泵(beng)上采用(yong)多筒(tong)式(shi)預壓(ya)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)室(shi)(shi),當某一個(ge)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)室(shi)(shi)失效時(shi),其(qi)他空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)室(shi)(shi)仍可繼續(xu)起作(zuo)用(yong)。三(san)筒(tong)式(shi)預壓(ya)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)室(shi)(shi),每個(ge)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)室(shi)(shi)的殼(ke)體1內(nei)裝有帶孔襯管(guan)2,外(wai)面套上皮囊(nang)3,在殼(ke)體與皮囊(nang)間充人壓(ya)縮氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體。當泵(beng)工作(zuo)時(shi)液體經襯管(guan)諸孔將皮囊(nang)脹開(kai),使空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)室(shi)(shi)內(nei)的空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)進一步壓(ya)縮,而停泵(beng)時(shi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體壓(ya)力把皮囊(nang)與襯管(guan)間的液體排出,皮囊(nang)收縮到(dao)襯管(guan)外(wai)壁上。這種(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)室(shi)(shi)的結構簡(jian)單,當某個(ge)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)室(shi)(shi)失效時(shi)其(qi)他空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)室(shi)(shi)仍可繼續(xu)使用(yong)。但(dan)是(shi)在拆卸時(shi)需要提出較重的外(wai)殼(ke),且皮囊(nang)容易被擠人襯管(guan)的小(xiao)孔中。

②吸(xi)入空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣室(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)了減少在(zai)吸(xi)人(ren)過程中(zhong)(zhong)由于慣性水(shui)頭所造成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)活塞表面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓力(li)降低(di),在(zai)吸(xi)入管路上靠近泵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進口處裝置空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣室(shi)(shi)(shi),空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣室(shi)(shi)(shi)把(ba)吸(xi)人(ren)管路分成(cheng)(cheng)兩段,空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣室(shi)(shi)(shi)前的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)段較(jiao)低(di),而從(cong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣室(shi)(shi)(shi)到(dao)泵進口的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)段較(jiao)短。在(zai)吸(xi)人(ren)過程中(zhong)(zhong),隨(sui)著流量增(zeng)加(jia),吸(xi)人(ren)管路中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)阻力(li)也增(zeng)加(jia),這(zhe)時液缸(gang)(gang)(gang)體(ti)內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)空(kong)(kong)(kong)值也隨(sui)之增(zeng)大,當(dang)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣室(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)空(kong)(kong)(kong)值低(di)于液缸(gang)(gang)(gang)體(ti)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)空(kong)(kong)(kong)值時,也即空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣室(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓力(li)高于液缸(gang)(gang)(gang)體(ti)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓力(li)時,空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣室(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣體(ti)膨脹,把(ba)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣室(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)部分液體(ti)排到(dao)液缸(gang)(gang)(gang)體(ti)中(zhong)(zhong),從(cong)而減小了吸(xi)人(ren)管路中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)流量。

當泵的吸(xi)人(ren)量減少(shao)時或(huo)者在排出過(guo)程(cheng)時,由于空(kong)氣(qi)室中的真空(kong)值增大,在這一真空(kong)值的作用下(xia),液體沿吸(xi)人(ren)管(guan)路(lu)進人(ren)空(kong)氣(qi)室中。

空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)室在儲存和排出液體(ti)的(de)過(guo)程中,氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)的(de)體(ti)積(ji)要(yao)發(fa)生變(bian)化(hua)(hua),空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)室中的(de)真(zhen)空值(zhi)也隨著發(fa)生變(bian)化(hua)(hua),吸人(ren)管(guan)路中的(de)流量也不會絕對均勻。把吸人(ren)空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)室做(zuo)得足夠(gou)大時,空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)室中氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)體(ti)積(ji)的(de)變(bian)化(hua)(hua)相對減小,真(zhen)空值(zhi)的(de)變(bian)化(hua)(hua)也可以(yi)減小,使吸人(ren)管(guan)路中液體(ti)的(de)流動趨于均勻。

最(zui)簡單的(de)吸人(ren)(ren)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)室(shi)(shi)是一(yi)個空(kong)筒或(huo)空(kong)腔,里(li)面(mian)是常壓(ya)(ya)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)。若泵(beng)的(de)吸入采用(yong)自(zi)然灌注(zhu)的(de)情(qing)況(kuang)時,由(you)于空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)室(shi)(shi)內具有(you)較高的(de)壓(ya)(ya)力(li),空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)室(shi)(shi)的(de)一(yi)部分容(rong)積(ji)被(bei)液體(ti)(ti)所(suo)占(zhan)據,氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)所(suo)占(zhan)的(de)容(rong)積(ji)減少,這樣(yang)若采用(yong)上述常壓(ya)(ya)吸人(ren)(ren)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)室(shi)(shi)就(jiu)往往不(bu)能(neng)有(you)效地起到(dao)緩沖作用(yong),這種情(qing)況(kuang)可(ke)采用(yong)預(yu)壓(ya)(ya)吸人(ren)(ren)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)室(shi)(shi),在泵(beng)工(gong)作之前先(xian)從充(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)閥1充(chong)(chong)人(ren)(ren)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti),通(tong)過觀察孔(kong)2可(ke)以看到(dao)橡膠隔(ge)膜(mo)4的(de)工(gong)作情(qing)況(kuang),消振板3由(you)樹脂(zhi)做成,板上有(you)許(xu)多小孔(kong),為了使結構(gou)緊湊可(ke)以把空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)室(shi)(shi)直(zhi)接裝(zhuang)在泵(beng)體(ti)(ti)下面(mian)。此外,還(huan)有(you)用(yong)帶(dai)有(you)彈簧的(de)隔(ge)膜(mo)式(shi)預(yu)壓(ya)(ya)吸人(ren)(ren)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)室(shi)(shi)。a